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三 才 章 第 七 曾子曰:『甚哉, 孝之大也! 』 子曰 :『夫孝,天之經也,地之義也,民之行也。天地之經而民是則之,則天之明,因地之利,以順天下。是以甚教不肅而成,其政不嚴而治。先王見教之可以化民也,是故先之以博愛,而民莫遺其親, 陳之以德義,而民興行;先之以敬讓,而民不爭, 導之以禮樂,而民和睦,示之以好惡,而民知禁。《詩》云:〔赫赫師尹, 民具爾瞻。〕 』
【今譯】曾參 (聽了孔子對孝道的說明後) 說 :『這個孝道,是多麼博大高深啊! 』 孔子說 :『孝道,是上天的常道,大地的至理,人民的行為準則。天地的道理是永恒不變的,而人民取法於天地,效法上天明照宇內的道理,善用大地孕育萬物的功用,以教化天下的百姓。因此 這種教化不嚴厲却能獲得成功,其政治不苛煩却能達到安定。從前的帝王見教化可以化育人民,所以率先實行博愛,就沒有一個人敢遺棄他的父母;廣佈道德仁義以感化人民,人民就和睦相處;用什麼事情值得喜歡,什麼事情應該厭惡明示人民,人民就知道禁忌而不再犯法。《詩經》裏說:〔聲名顯赫的太師尹氏,人們都在仰望着你呀!〕 』
Chapter VII The Three Powers (Heaven, Earth, and Man)
After hearing the explanation of filial piety by Confucius, Zeng Shen said:“How great and profound filial piety is!” Confucius replied:“Yes, filial piety is the first principle of heaven, the righteousness of earth, and the code of conduct for the people. The principles of heaven and earth are eternal, and the people take them as their precept, imitate the brilliant luminaries of the heaven over the universe, and make full use of the benefits afforded by the earth so as to harmonize all under heaven. Thus the teachings are successful without being severe, the government is stable without harsh measures. Seeing how the teachings could work wonders in remoulding the people, the ancient emperors set an example of universal love for all, as a result nobody neglected his parents; they promoted virtue, humanity and justice in order to influence people, and the people readily practised them; they took the lead to show respect and courtesy, and the people had no quarrels with one another; they showed the people what was worth loving and what should be loathed, and the people knew the prohibitions and committed no crimes. It is said in The Book of Songs:
‘O glorious Grand Master Yin, The people all look up to you.’ 孝治 章 第八 子曰:『昔者明王之以孝治天下也,不敢遺小國之臣,而況於公、侯、伯、子、男乎? 故得萬國之懽心,以事其先王。治國者不敢于鰥寡,而況于士民乎? 故得百姓之懽心,以事其先君。治家者不敢失於臣妾,而況於妻子乎? 故得人之懽心,以事其親。夫然,故生則親安之,祭則鬼享之,是以天下和平,災害不生, 禍亂不作。故明王之以孝治天下也如此。《詩》云:〔有覺德行,四國順之。〕 』
【今譯】孔子說 :『從前聖明的帝王用孝道來治理天下,連對那些小國的國君都以禮相待不敢遺棄,更不用說對待那些公、侯、伯、子、男五等爵位的諸侯了, 所以得到了各國諸侯的懽心,使他能一心奉祀先王。治理封國的諸侯,連對那些鰥寡婦都不敢欺侮,更不用說對待那些士人和一般的民眾了,所以得到了廣大百姓的懽心,使他能一心祭祀祖先。管理采地食吧的卿、大夫,連對那些男僕女奴都不敢失禮,更不用說對待妻子兒女了,所以得到了大家的懽心,使他能一心奉事他的父母,那樣,父母在世的時候,就可以安心地接受他們的奉養;死了之後,在天之靈也可以享受他們的祭祀。因此,天下就會和平,災害不會出現,禍患動亂不會發生。所以,聖明的帝王用孝道來統治天下,就會產生這樣的效用。《詩經》裏說:〔帝王有崇高的道德品行,四方的國家就會都來歸順。〕』
Chapter VIII Government by Filial Piety
Confucius said:“In the past, the illustrious kings administered the country by means of filial piety. They even dared not receive ministers of small states with disrespect, let alone the dukes, marquises, counts, viscounts and barons! So they won the ready obedience of all states and could keep their mind on the sacrificial services to the former kings. The rulers of the states dared not slight widowers and widows, let alone the officials and the people in general, so they won the ready obedience of all the people and could keep their mind on the sacrificial services to the former princes. The high officials in their respective fiefs dares not show discourtesy to their servants and concubines, let alone to their wives, sons and daughters. Therefore, they won the ready obedience of all under them and could keep their mind on serving their parents. Thus, while alive, their parents led a happy life under the care from their sons; and after they passed away, their souls could enjoy the offerings in heaven. Therefore, peace and harmony prevailed all over the world; disasters and calamities did not occur; misfortunes and rebellions did not arise. Such was the result of government by filial piety as was practised by the illustrious kings It is said in The Book of Songs:
‘If a king adorns himself with the highest virtue, All the states will show him their obedience.’ 聖 治章 第 九 曾子曰:『敢問聖人之德, 無以加於孝乎 :』 子曰 :『天地之性,人為貴。人之行,莫大於孝,孝莫大於嚴父,嚴父莫大於配天,則周公其人也。昔者周公郊祀后稷以配天,宗祀文王於明堂以配上帝,是以四海之內,各以其職來祭。夫聖人之德,又何以加於孝乎? 故親生之膝下,以養父母日嚴。聖人因嚴以教敬,因親以教愛。聖人之教一不肅而成,其政不嚴而治。其所因者本也。父子之道,天性也,君臣之義也。父母生之,續莫大焉;君親臨之,厚莫重焉。故不愛其親而愛他人者,謂之悖德;不敬其親而敬他人者,謂之悖禮。以順則逆,民無則焉。不在於善,而皆在於凶德,雖得之,君子不貴也。君子則不然,言思可道,行思可樂, 德義可尊,作事可法,容止可觀,進退可度, 以臨其民,是以其民畏而愛之,則而象之。故能其德教而行其政令。《詩》云:〔淑人君子,其儀不忒。〕 』
【今譯】曾參說 :『很冒昧地請教先生,聖人的德行有沒有比孝道更重大的呢? 』 孔子說 :『天地之間的萬物生命,人最為尊貴。人的行為之中,沒有什麼比孝道更為重大,孝道之中又沒有什麼比尊敬父親更為重大,尊敬父親又沒有什麼比天子祭天之時將自己的先祖配祀天帝更為重大,那麼,周公就是唯一做到這一點的人。從前周公代成王治理朝政, 在郊祭上天之時,把周的始祖后稷配天帝;在明堂祭祀五方上帝之時,又將父親文王配祀上去,因此,全國各地的諸侯,分別根據自己的職司前來助祭。由此可知,聖人的德行,又有什麼比孝道更重大呢? 所以, 親愛之心在孩提偎依父母膝下的時候就已產生了,後隨着奉養雙親,變得日益尊敬父母。聖人根據人們敬順父母的天性,教給人們愛的道理。因此,聖人的教化,無須嚴肅就能獲成功;聖人施政,無須嚴萬就能治理好,因為他所憑依的是做為根本的孝道。父慈子孝的父子關係,是出於人類自然的秉性,也是君明臣忠的君臣關係的自然義理。父母生下兒子,沒有什麼比這種使宗族得以延續的事更重大了;君王親自治理朝政,沒有什麼比這種厚澤更大的了。所以,不親愛自己的父母而去親愛他人,叫做違背仁德;不尊敬自己的父母而去尊敬他人,叫做違背禮法。以悖德悖禮為順就會發生混亂,人民就會無所適從。不依靠善而憑藉惡德,盡管得到了高官厚祿,有才德的人也不會看重。有才德的人就不是這樣,說話時,應考慮是否可以使人稱道;行事時,應考慮是否可以使人懽悅;立德行義,應能使自己受人尊敬;幹起事業,應人能夠效法; 容貌舉止合乎規矩,使人可以觀摩;進退得體,使人可以作為標準;他用這些行為規範來統治人民,所以他的人民敬服而愛戴他,取法他,倣效他。因此,能夠成就他的德行教化,實行他的措施法令。《詩經》裏說 :〔美德賢才的人啊,他的威儀端莊不差。〕 』
Chapter IX Government by the Sage
Zeng Shen said:“May I venture to ask whether there was nothing greater than filial piety in all the virtues of the sages?” Confucius replies:“Of all creatures in the world, man is the noblest. Of all the acts of man there is none greater then filial piety. In filial piety, there is nothing greater than the reverence for one’s father. In the reverence shown to one’s father, there is nothing greater than making him an equal of Heaven. And the Duke of Zhou was the first man who performed this. During the period when, he administered government affairs on behalf of King Cheng, the Duke of Zhou scarified to Hou Ji (the earliest ancestor of the Zhou Clan) at the suburban altar as an equal of Heaven, and again in the Bright Temple he honoured King Wen, his father, and sacrificed to him as an equal of God. As a result, from all the states within the four seas, the princes came in accordance with their respective duties to assist him in performing sacrifices. Thus, what can be greater than filial piety in the virtues of the sages? The feeling of affection grows at the parents’ knees during the time of infancy, and later, while they are supporting and taking care of their parents, the feeling of reverence springs and increases with the passage of time. The sages taught people the principle of reverence from the latter’s natural instincts of respect and obedience, and taught people the principle of love from the latter’s natural instincts of affection. So their teachings, without being severe, obtained satisfactory results while their administration, without harsh measures, achieved great success. The basic reason was that they concentrated on what is of fundamental importance, filial piety. The relation of loving father and dutiful son is rooted in the nature of man, and is a source from which spring the principle of righteousness between an enlightened ruler and his loyal ministers. The parents give life to the son, nothing is more important than the continuation of the clan. The ruler administers in person the affairs of government, then there is nothing greater than his beneficence. So he who does not love his parents, but loves other people, is to act against virtue; and he who does not revere his parents, but reveres other people, is to act against propriety. If such perversity is taken as the right principle, law and order will not exist, and people will not have the right course to take. Though he may get a high position and a big salary by hook or by crook, yet men of ability and virtue do not make much of him. The practice of superior man is quite different: before he speaks he thinks if his speech will gain the approval of other people; before he takes action, he considers if his action is likely to give pleasure to others. His virtue and righ6ousness merit esteem: whatever he engages in will be an example for others to follow; his appearance and demeanour conform with the established manner and are creditable; his advancing an retiring befits his position and is suited to the occasion. So his behaviour can be regarded as criterion. If he presents himself thus to the people, they will revere and love him imitate and follow him. Therefore, he makes his teachings of virtue quite a success and effectively has his directives and measures carried out. It is said in The Book of Songs:
‘The virtuous man, the sagacious one, How dignified and correct his deportment is!’
紀孝 行 章第 十 子曰:『孝子之事親也,居則致其敬,養則致其樂,病則致其憂,喪則致其哀,祭則致其嚴。五者備矣,然後能事親。事親者,居上不驕,為下不亂,在醜不爭。居上而驕則亡,為不而亂則刑,在醜而爭則兵。三者不除,雖日用三牲之養,猶為不孝也』
【今譯】孔子說:『孝子奉事父母,日家居就要表達他的恭,敬供養侍奉就要表達他的和悅,得病之時應表示他的憂慮,辦理喪事就要表達他的哀痛,祭祀之時就要表達他的嚴肅。這五項都能做到了,然後才稱得上能奉事父母。奉事父母,要居高位而不驕傲自大, 處下位而不犯上作亂,與眾人相處而能和順無爭。居高立而驕傲自大,就會自取滅亡; 處下位而犯上作亂,就會刑罰加身;與眾人相處而爭强好勝,就會兵刃相接。這三種情形不能消除 那麼,卽使每天用牛羊豕三牲去奉養、祭祀,也仍然算不上孝順。』
Chapter X The Filial Piety of a Son
Confucius said:“In serving his parents a pious son demonstrates his sincere reverence while at home; he supports them with great pleasure; when they are ill, he shows his anxiety; in mourning for them he feels the deepest grief; in sacrificing to them, he manifests his greatest solemnity. If he has fulfilled these five duties, then he is regarded as serving well his parents. For a man who serves his parents well, he is never conceited when in a high position; he is never insubordinate to his superiors when in a low position; and he never quarrels with his equals. To be conceited in a high position leads him to ruin; to be insubordinate in a low position leads to punishment; and to quarrel with is equals leads to open hostilities. If these three evil acts are not done away with, even if a son provides excellent dishes such as beef, mutton, and pork for his parents, he is still not considered a pious son.”
五刑 章 第十 一 子曰 :『五刑之屬三千,而罪莫大於不孝。要君者無上,非聖人者無法,非孝者無親。此大亂之道也。』
【今譯】孔子說:『墨、劓、臏、宮割、大辟五刑所屬的犯罪條例有三千,而罪名沒有比不孝更大的。能脅迫君王的人沒有尊卑觀念,非議聖人的人沒有禮制法紀, 非議孝道的人沒有父母親人。這三種人,是導致天下大亂的根源』
Chapter XI The Five Punishments
Confucius said:“There are three thousand offences, for which five punishments (tattooing the face, cutting off the nose, cutting off the knee, castration and decapitation) are instituted, of which none is greater than being impious to one’s parents. He who imposes constraint upon a ruler has no sense of duty of an inferior to a superior; he who challenges the sage’s authority is a lawless man; he who decries filial piety renounces his parents. These three kinds of people are the root cause of great disorder under heaven.”
廣要 道 章第十 二
子曰 :『教民親愛,莫善於孝;教民理順,莫善於悌;移風易俗,莫善於樂;安上治民,莫善於禮。禮者,敬而已矣。故敬其父則子悅,敬其兄則弟悅, 敬其君則臣悅。敬一人而千萬人悅, 所敬者寡,而悅者眾,此之謂要道也。』
【今譯】孔子說:『要教育人民相親相愛,沒有比孝道更好的了;要教育人民和順服從,沒有比敬事長上的悌道更好的了;要想轉移風氣改變習俗,沒有比音樂更好的了;要想使君上安寧人民平靜,沒有比禮節更好的了。所謂禮節,也就是一個〔敬〕字罷了。因此,敬愛他的父親,做兒子的就高興;敬愛他的兄長,做弟弟的就高興;敬愛他的君王,臣下就高興。敬愛天子一個人,却有千千萬萬的人高興,被敬的人少,而高興的人多,這就是所說的至要的道理!』
Chapter XII The Amplification of an Important Rule of Conduct
Confucius said:“For teaching people to love one another, nothing is better than filial piety; for teaching people to be gentle and obedient, nothing is better than fraternal duty; for changing social customs and manners, nothing is better than music; for securing tranquility for the ruler and peace for the people, nothing is better than etiquette. Etiquette is nothing but reverence. If the father is revered his sons will be happy; if the elder brother is revered, all his younger brothers will be happy; if a ruler is revered, all his subjects will be happy. To revere the One Man -------the Son of Heaven --------will please thousands upon thousands of his people. Reverence for just a few makes many feel happy -----this is what is called an important rule of conduct.”
[ 本帖最後由 宏泓道者 於 2013-4-28 05:51 PM 編輯 ] |