(1) What is endowed by Heaven is called the nature; to follow that nature is called they way; to cultivate the way is called culture.
One cannot depart from his way for an instant, what can be departed is not a way. A man of moral integrity is always discreet and vigilant when he is beyond others’ sight, apprehensive and cautious when beyond others’ hearing. One should never misbehave even when he is in privacy, nor should he reveal evil intentions even in trivial matters. So a moral person remains circumspect especially when he is alone.
Feelings like joy, anger, sorrow and happiness are in the state of the mean when they are kept in heart; they are in the state of harmony when expressed in conformity with moral standards. The mean is the fundament of everything under heaven, and harmony the universal law. With the mean and harmony, the earth moves orderly, and everything thereon grows and flourishes. 第二章 仲尼曰 :〔君子中庸, 小人反中庸。君子之中庸也, 君子而時中 ; 小人之中庸也, (注:朱熹《四書章句集注》說 :〔『王肅本作』小人之反中庸也, 程子亦以為然,〕 譯文從之。) 小人而無忌憚也。〕
(2) Said Confucius: “A man of noble character speaks and conducts himself according to the doctrine of the mean, white a man of vile character speaks and conducts himself in violation of that doctrine. The man of noble character observes the doctrine of the mean, as his high morality enables him to act in conformity with moral standards at all times; the man of vile character goes against that doctrine, as his degenerating morality causes him careless of all the rules of proprieties.”
第三章 子曰 :〔中庸其至矣乎!民鮮能久矣!〕
【今譯】
孔子說 :〔中庸之道真是至善至美啊!可惜長期以來一般老百姓却很少能够做得到!〕
(3) Said Confucius; “The doctrine of the mean is the acme of perfection! The pity is that it has long been seldom in the practice of the public.”
(4) Said Confucius; “The doctrine of the mean has not been practiced, the reason for which as I see is that the wise goes beyond the norm of the mean, and the benighted fails to reach the standard of the mean. The doctrine of the mean has not been obvious, the reason for which as I see is that the virtuous goes beyond the norm of the mean, and the unworthy fails to reach the standard of the mean. Everybody eats and drinks, but few savour what they eat and drink.”
第五章 子曰 :〔道其不行矣夫!〕
【今譯】
孔子說 :〔中庸之道大概是難以做得到的吧!〕
(5) Said Confucius: “It is probable that the doctrine of the mean cannot be practiced without making efforts.” 第六章 子曰 :〔舜其大知也與!舜好問而好察邇言, 隱惡而揚善, 執其兩端,用其中於民, 其斯以為舜乎!〕
(6) Said Confucius: “Shun * may well be counted as a man of great wisdom! He was inquisitive and fond of investigating the ordinary popular language. He concealed others’ misbehaviour and publicized others’ good deeds. What he did for the people was based on the mean he drew from the two extremities of things of diametric opposition. That explains why he was esteemed as Shun.” * shun, a legendary monarch of ancient China. 第七章 子曰 :〔人皆曰『予知』; 驅而納諸罟, 擭陷阱之中而莫之知辟也。人皆曰『予知』; 擇乎中庸而不能期月守也。〕
(7) Said Confucius: “Everybody says ‘I am wise’, but knows not to escape when driven to be trapped. Everybody says ‘I am wise’, but abides not for a month the doctrine of the mean for which he has opted.”
(8) Said Confucius: “Yan Hui’s * attitude toward life is to follow the doctrine of the mean. Once he learns a good doctrine, he bears it in mind and will never abandon it.” *Yan Hui, one of the disciples Confucius taught personally.
(9) Said Confucius: The land under heaven can be administered to bring about great order across it, official ranks and emoluments can be declined, and sharp blades with blazing edges can be trod, but the doctrine of the mean is not easy to practice.” 第十章 子路問 〔強〕。子曰:〔南方之強與? 北方之強與?抑而強與? 寬柔以教,不報無道, 南方之強也。君子居之。衽金革, 死而不厭, 北方之強也。而強者居之。故君子和而不流, 強哉矯!中立而不倚, 強哉矯!國有道,不變塞焉, 強哉矯!國無道,至死不變, 強哉矯!〕
(10) When asked by Zilu * to define strength, replied Confucius: “Which are you seeking, the strength of the southerners, of the northerners, or of yourself? Thesoutherners are strong in that they teach people the gist of magnanimity and gentleness, and advocate dismissing revenge for others’ invading atrocity. It is the way with which a man of integrity is content. The northerners are strong in that they buckle on their armours and take up weapons to go forth to bloody battles without fear of death. It is the way with which a man of intrepidity is content. Therefore, a man of good cultivation is placid and moderate, yet following no fashion but his own. That is genuine strength. He takes with impartiality the firm stand of the mean. That is genuine strength. If the government is upright and the state well governed, he cherished his aspirations he had when he was not in the ascendant. That is genuine strength. If the government is corrupt and the rule is dark, he still sticks to his normal course unto death. That is genuine strength.”
*Zilu, one of the disciples Confucius taught personally.
(11) Said Confucius: “Probing unto absurd and obscure senses and committing eccentricity, which may win appraisals from posterity, are what I shall never undertake. Among the men of good cultivation following the doctrine of the mean, some may give up halfway, but I shall not following it. Only the saints will not regret following the doctrine of the mean at the coast of remaining anonymous and unknown to the world.”
(12) The philosophy of life the men of high morality pursue is both common and profound. Its general idea is known to ignorant men and women, but its recondite quintessence is beyond the attainment of the saint. Its general standard is practicable to mediocre men and women, but its highest demand is beyond the reach of the saint. Great as the universe is, there are people who may feel discontent with it. Therefore, the virtue of a man of high morality is so vast that the universe can hardly contain it, it is also so tiny that nothing in the universe can cut it apart. It is said in The Book of Songs*:“Sparrow hawks fly up in the sky, fish swim down in the abyss.” That is by way of analogy to say that the virtue of the saint is highly clear on the earth as well as in the sky. The philosophy of life the men of high morality pursue begins in the manners of the ordinary men and women, but its superlative manifestation is illustrious in the universe.
* The Book of Songs, the earliest anthology of poems and one of the Five Classics. 第十三章 子曰 :〔道不遠人, 人之為道而遠人, 不可以為道。詩云 :『伐柯, 伐柯,其則不遠。』執柯以伐柯, 睨而視之, 猶以為遠。故君子以人治人, 改而止。
(13) Said Confucius:“The doctrine of the mean never distances itself from any person. If anyone pursuing the doctrine makes it unapproachable to others, then what he pursues in by no means the doctrine of the mean. It said in The Book of Songs:‘Cut a piece of wood to make a helve, you will find its size fit.’ But when you squint to compare it with the helve in your hand, you will find its size unfit. Therefore, the monarch of a country should rule over the people according to their individual conditions, and stop interfering in their conduct when their mistakes are corrected.
“One nears the doctrine of the mean when he is faithful to and considerate of others. What you would not have others do unto you should not be done unto them.
“The code of conduct a man of moral integrity pursues includes four requirements, but I can fulfill none: I do not wait upon my father as a son should, I do not wait upon the monarch as a subject should, I do not wait upon my elder brother as a younger brother should, I do not take the initiative to do what I demand of my friends. I dare not s top exerting myself to remedy my defects in observing moral standards and in speaking with prudence. I dare not say fine words even if I do observe moral standards and speak with prudence. Think of what you did when you speak, and think of what you said when you act. Therefore, a man of high morality should be no otherwise than honest.”
(14) A man of high morality acts in accordance with his status and seeks nothing beyond. If he is ordinarily wealthy and ranking, he does what a man of wealth and rand should do; if he is ordinarily straitened and humble, he does what a man of straits and humbleness should do; if he is ordinarily in the minority areas, he does what a minority should do; if he is ordinarily in adversity, he does what a man in adversity should do. A man of high morality knows and rests content with his place, whatever it may be.
When he s superior in position, he never bullies anyone inferior to him; when he is inferior in position, he never fawns on anyone superior to him. As he corrects his own misbehavior and never makes excessive demands of others, he bears no resentment against them. He blames neither god, when looking upward, nor other people, when looking downward. Therefore, a man of noble character remains at ease in his ordinary place to wait the mandate of heaven, while a man of vile character ventures to fluke success or to avoid mishap. Said Confucius: “Shooting an arrow is analogous to a moral person’s handling affairs, if he misses the bull’s eye, he reproaches no one but himself.” 第十五章
(15) A moral person’s practicing his code of conduct can be compared to taking a long journey which must start from the immediately close point, or ascending a height which must begin from the bottommost ground. It is said in the Book of Songs; “Living affectionately with one’s wife and children is like playing musical instruments harmoniously. Getting along fraternally with one’s brother is highly delightful. May your family be happy. May your wife and children be joyous.” Said Confucius: “Parents will thus be satisfied.” 第十六章 子曰 :〔鬼神之為德, 其盛矣乎!視之而弗見, 聽之而弗聞,體物而不可遺。使天下之人, 齊明盛服, 以承祭祀,洋洋乎如其上, 如在其左右。詩曰 :『神之格思, 不可度思, 矧可射思。』夫微之顯, 誠之不可揜如此夫!〕
(16) Said Confucius:“How mighty the virtue of the supernatural being is. Though invisible when looked at, inaudible when listened to, its omnipresence nourishes everything under heaven, so that all people in the country abstain from meat and wine, take bath and dress themselves up to offer sacrifice to it. People sense its existence as if it is above or around them. It is said in The Book of Songs:“The advent of the god is unpredictable, how can we slack our reverential awe?” The might of the supernatural being permeates things obscure and obvious, its trustworthiness is so evident that is can never be concealed by any means.” 第十七章 子曰 :〔舜其大孝也與!德為聖人, 尊為天子, 富有四海之內; 宗廟饗之, 子孫保之。故大德, 必得其位, 必得其祿,必得其名,必得其壽。故天之生物, 必因其材而篤焉, 故栽者培之,傾者覆之。詩曰 :『嘉樂君子, 憲憲令德,宜民宜人,受祿于天;保佑命之,自天申之』,故大德者必受命。〕
(17) Said Confucius:“shun may be accounted as the most filial. In view of his virtue, he was a saint. In view of the esteem he gained, he was the son ho Heaven. In view of his wealth, he possessed the whole world. He was and would ever be enshrined and offered sacrifices by posterity. So a man of consummate virtue is bound to have all he deserves, the respected status, the handsome emoluments, the good reputation and the longevity. Heaven creates all things in the universe, and handles them with measures suited to their nature ……..to cultivate the cultivable and let the toppled fall. It is said in The Book of Songs: ‘How praiseworthy and pleasant King Cheng of the Zhou Dynasty is, how glorious his merit is, he makes all his subjects live in peace and happiness. His reign, predestinated by Heaven, lasts for long, his bounties, blessed by Heaven, remain for aeon’. Therefore, the man of consummate virtue is certainly to be the son of Heaven by the grace of God.” 第十八章 子曰 :〔無憂者,其惟文王乎!以王季為父, 以武王為子; 父作之,子述之。武王纘大王、王季、文王之緒, 壹戎衣而有天下, 身不失天下之顯名; 尊為天子, 富有四海之內; 宗廟饗之 子孫保之。
【今譯】
孔子說 :〔沒有憂愁的人, 大概只有周文王吧!他有父親王季, 有兒子武王, 父親開拓, 兒子繼承。武王繼承太王古公亶父、王季、文王的功業, 滅了大殷王朝而得到天下。自身沒有失去顯赫的名聲; 尊則為天子, 富則擁有四海, 享受宗廟的祭祀, 子子孫孫永保香火不斷。
(18) Said Confucius:“The only person free from all anxieties might be King Wen of the Zhou Dynasty, with meritorious deeds pioneered by his father Wang Ji and succeeded by his son King Wu. King Wu carried forward and forged ahead the exploits of Tai Wang, Wang Ji and King Wen, and overthrew the Yin Dynasty to win the rule over the country. He also retained a great renown. He was esteemed as the son of Heaven, in possession of the whole world, to be enshrined and offered sacrifices by all the succeeding generations.
“After King Wu, Zhou Gong accomplished the great task of King Wen and King Wu, and conferred upon Tai Wang and Wang Ji with posthumous titles as kings, and enshrined his ancestors with rites for sons of Heaven. Rites of the same kind was later practiced among feudal dukes, princes, senior officials, shi* and the common people. Suppose the father was a senior official and the son a shi, when the father died, his obsequies were celebrated with those for a senior official, and the enshrinement was that celebrated by a shi; if the father was a shi and the son a senior official, then the obsequies were those for a shi, and the enshrinement was that celebrated by a senior official. The convention of one-year mourning period was abode by the senior officials, the convention of three-year mourning period was abode even by the son of Heaven; and conventions of mourning period were abode by all the noble and the humble.”
*shi, the stratum between senior officials and common people. 第十九章 子曰 :〔武王、周公其達孝矣乎!夫孝者善繼人之志, 善述人之事者也。春秋,修其祖廟, 陳其宗器,設其裳衣, 薦其時食。
(19) Said Confucius:“KING Wu and Zhou Gong were well versed in the true implication of filial piety. Filial piety means to carry out successfully the ideal and task of one’s ancestors. When offering sacrifices to ancestors in spring and autumn, one should renovate the ancestral temple, display utensils and clothing left by the ancestors, and sacrifice foods in season.
“Ceremonial rules of offering sacrifices in the ancestral temple is for making distinction between the father and the son, the elder and the young, and the close and distant relatives: to arrange sequence according to ranks is for distinguishing the noble and the humble; to arrange sequence according to positions is for distinguishing the prominent and the mediocre; to let the juniors toast in proper order their seniors is for reflecting the grace bestowed on the inferiors; to assign the seats at dinner according to the colour of hair is for distinguishing the differences of seniority.
“One should stand on the assigned position, observe the etiquettes set by the great kings of past dynasties, play their music, respect what they respected, and love what they loved. To attend on the dead as if to attend on the living, or to attend on the nonexistent, as if to attend on the existent, is the utmost of filial piety.”
“Rites to offer sacrifices to Heaven and Earth are celebrations dedicated to God; to offer sacrifices in “ancestral temple is to worship one’s ancestors. If people understand the significances of different rites, such as offering sacrifices to Heaven and Earth, rites celebrated in the imperial ancestral temple and the autumn sacrificial ceremony, administering the country will be as easy as seeing things in one’s palm.” 第二十章 哀公問政。子曰 :〔文、武之政, 布在方策。其人存, 則其政擧;其人亡,則其政息。人道敏政, 地道敏樹。夫政也者, 蒲盧也。故為政在人; 取人以身, 修身以道,修道以仁。
(20) Ai Gong, sovereign of the state of Lu, asked about the way to govern the state, replied Confucius:“The government decrees of King Wen and King Wu of the Zhou Dynasty were put down in the codes and records. With the saint monarch and the virtuous ministers, decrees of King Wen and King Wu were enforced; without such monarch and ministers, these decrees would be annulled. The knack of choosing right persons is to discern and make proper use of those who are diligent in serving the state, the knack of utilizing the earth is to plant bushes and trees. Once the knack is known and put into effect, to govern the state is as easy as to plant cattail which grows fast. The crux of governing a state is to gather the able and virtuous around yourself. Togather them up, you have to well cultivate yourself; to well cultivate yourself, you have to act according to norms generally accepted under the heaven; to act according to norms generally accepted under the heaven, you have to follow the principle of benevolence.
“To be ‘benevolent’ is to be ‘humane’. To keep yourself close to the dear ones who love and esteem you is the greatest benevolence. To be ‘righteous’ is to be ‘fitting and proper’. To respect the able and virtuous is the greatest righteousness. The different ways of keeping yourself:close to the dear oneswho love and esteem you, and the different ways of respecting the able and virtuous result from different requirements of etiquettes. Therefore,those who occupy dominant positions have to well cultivate themselves. Those who want to well cultivate themselves have to attend on their parents; those who want to attend on their parents have to k now the reasons for respecting the able and virtuous and loving others; those who want to know these reasons have to learn about the way of Heaven.”
The great norms generally accepted under the heaven include five aspects whose realization depends upon three kinds of moral character. The relation between the monarch and his subjects. The relation between the father and the son, the relation between the husband and the wife, the relation between brothers, and contacts with friends are the five aspects. The three kinds of moral character of sagacity, charity and courage are generally respected under the heaven, and the conditions needed for manifesting such moral character are the same. People know the above in different ways, some by natural gift, some by learning and some by going through hardships, but the effects the acquisition of the knowledge brings about upon them are the same. People practice the above with different attitudes, some fell at ease and justified, some strive for benefits, and some are reluctant, but when they succeed in the practice, the effects the practice brings about upon them are the same.
Said Confucius: “One approaches the level of sagacity when he loves studying, one approaches the level of charity when he insists on doing good deeds, one approaches the level of courage when he has the sense of shame. When one has known these three points, he knows how to enhance his self-cultivation; when one has known how to enhance his self-cultivation, he knows how to administer the people’s affairs; when one has known how to administer the people’s affairs, he knows how to administer the country.”
There are nine canons effecting administering the country:enhancing self-cultivation, esteeming the able and virtuous, keeping oneself close to the dear ones, knowing the ministers, showing solicitude for officials, loving the people as one loves his sons, drumming for craftsmen, carrying out the policy of mollification in outlying districts and placating the feudal dukes and princes. To enhance self-cultivation is to achieve high moral standards; to esteem the able and virtuous enables one to avoid perplexed ness when confronting problems; to keep oneself close to the dear ones prevents resentment among uncles and brothers; to honor the ministers makes one clear-headed in his work; to show solicitude for officials prods them to requite one with redoubled efforts; to love the people as one loves his sons inspires them to work more self-consciously; to drum for craftsmen brings about abundance of goods; to carry out the policy of mollification in outlying districts results in their coming over and pledging allegiance; and to placate’ the feudal dukes and princes impels all people under the heaver to revere the monarch.
To keep a pious heart and a dignified look, and refuse to do anything inconsistent with etiquettes are ways to enhance self-cultivation. To dismiss those who speak ill of others, stay at a distance from beautiful women, despise wealth and value moral character are ways to appeal to the able and virtuous. To keep the dear ones’ ranks of nobility venerated, raise their emoluments and have the same taste as theirs are ways to draw them to oneself. To leave sufficient subordinates at the ministers’ disposal is the way to encourage them to advise more. To keep one’s word and let the officials high-salaried are ways to make them work harder. To impose on the people timely corvee and low tax is the way to attract them. To pay the craftsmen wages and supply them food on the basis of daily and monthly investigation are ways to stimulate them to do their best. To see off those who depart and welcome those who arrive, praise those doing good deeds and sympathize with those lacking in capability are ways to mollify the people in outlying districts. To last the pedigree whose existence is at stake, revive the declining states, curb the riots, support those in perils, grant audiences and receive tributes on the right time, bestow more rewards and take in fewer tributes are ways to placate the feudal dukes and princes. The conditions needed for fulfilling the nine canons are the same.
Preparedness ensures success, while unpreparedness spells failure. To be beforehand with one’s words, one can prevent speaking haltingly; to be beforehand with the emerging problem, one can prevent frustration, to be beforehand with one’s action, one can prevent making mistakes; to be beforehand with one’s behavioral principle, one can prevent going into an impasse.
If a subordinate is not in his superior’s confidence, he can never administer the people’s affairs. There is a way to have the superior’s confidence: one will not have it unless he has his friends’ confidence. There is a way to have one’s friends’ confidence: one will not have it unless he is obedient to his parents. There is a way to be obedient to one’s parents: one will not be so obedient unless he is honest. There is a way to be honest: one will not be honest unless he knows what good is.
Honesty is the way of Heaven, to be honest is the way of man. The saint displays natural honesty, he does so ungrudgingly, he achieves it without thinking, but his conduct is fit spontaneously for the standard set by the way of Heaven. As for the ordinary men, they have to make choice of and adhere to the proper way to be honest: to study extensively, inquire meticulously, think cautiously, discern clearly and practice sincerely.
If one is to study, he should never give up until he masters the subject he studies; if one is to inquire, he should never give up until he understands the question he inquires; if one is to think, he should never give up until he acquires a knowledge of what he thinks; if one is to discern, he should never give up until he makes a clear distinction between things; if one is to practice, he should never give up until he carries the doct6rine through to the end. When engaged in an activity, I should work it out by one hundred times while others need only once, I shall work it out by one thousand times while others need only ten times. If this is really done, the ignorant will be intelligent, and the frail will be firm. 第二十一章 自誠明, 謂之性;自明誠,謂之教。誠則明矣, 明則誠矣。
(21) The sharp-sightedness in discernment resulting from the innermost honesty is an innate nature; the innermost honesty resulting from the sharp-sightedness in discernment is due to postnatal inculcation. When one is honest in his innermost being, he may well be sharp-sighted in discernment; and when one is sharp-sighted in discernment, he may well be honest in his innermost being.
(22) Only the saint who is the most honest can develop his individuality to perfection; when his individuality fully developed, he can bring potentiality of the masses into full play in accordance with their inherent qualities; when the potentialities of the masses fully tapped, he can make the most of everything under heaven in accordance with their properties; when everything under heaven fully wielded, he can help the Heaven and the Earth grow and nourish everything; when everything is make to grow and nourish, he can stand side by side with the Heaven and the Earth.
(23) Those who are second to the saint, though engaged in activities of minor importance, can also attain innermost honesty. When one is honest in his innermost being, he is bound to demonstrate his honesty. Honesty when demonstrated will illuminate and shine bright, then strike the hearts of the people, and remouldtheir mind. When it remould people’s mind, it transforms the prevailing habits and customs. This task can only be fulfilled by the most honest. 第二十四章 至誠之道, 可以前知:國家將興,必有禎祥;國家將亡,必有妖孽;見乎蓍龜,動乎四體;禍福將至,善,必先知之,不善,必先知之;故至誠如神。
(24) When one is extremely honest, he foresees things to happen. Auspicious omens are seen when the country is going to prosper, and portentous omens are seen when the country is going to decline. Such omens appear on the divinatory herbs and tortoiseshells, and reflect in how the related persons move their four limbs. When a misfortune or a good luck is to befall, what will turn out to be good is foreknown, and so is what will turn out to be bad. Therefore, the extremely honest ca n be compared to supernatural beings.
(25) Honesty is the way by which one can consummate himself; doctrine is the way by which one guides himself. Honesty underlies everything, from its beginning to its end. Without honesty, there can exist nothing. Therefore, a man of fine cultivation values honesty most. By honesty, one can consummate more than himself, he can consummate everything. To consummate oneself is benevolence, to consummate everything is sagacity. This virtue, resulting from one’s natural instinct, accords with the law existing in and outside of the universe, so it is appropriate to pursue it at all times. 第二十六章 故至誠無息; 不息則久。久則徵, 徵則悠遠, 悠遠則博厚,博厚則高明。博厚所以載物也, 高明所以覆物也, 悠久所以成物也。博厚配地, 高明配天, 悠久無疆。如此者, 不見而章, 不動而變,無為而成。
【今譯】
所以, 極端誠實的品德是無止境的。無止境, 就能持久; 持久, 就能有效驗; 有效驗, 就能傳之悠遠; 傳之悠遠, 就能廣博深厚; 廣博深厚, 就能高大光明。廣博深厚, 能夠承載萬物; 高大光明, 能夠覆蓋萬物; 悠遠長久, 能夠造就萬物。廣博深厚, 可以與地比匹; 高大光明, 可以與天比匹; 悠遠長久, 則可以無止境。這樣一來, 不用顯示也能彰明昭著, 不用動作也能變化萬物, 沒有作為也能自然成功。 天地之道, 可一言而盡也:〔其為物不貳, 則其生物不測。〕天地之道 :博也,厚也,高也,明也,悠也,久也。今夫天, 斯昭昭之多, 及其無窮也,日月星辰繫焉, 物覆焉。今天地, 一撮土之多;及其廣厚,載華嶽而不重, 振河海而不洩, 萬物載焉。今夫山, 一卷石之多, 及其廣大,草木生之,禽獸居之,寶藏興焉。今夫水, 一勺之多, 及其不測,黿鼉蛟龍魚鼈生焉, 貨財殖焉。
【今譯】
天地的規律, 可以用一句話說盡, 由於它自身專誠不貳, 所以它造就萬物也就奧妙無窮。天地的規律實在是廣博啊, 厚啊, 高大啊, 光明啊, 悠遠啊, 長久啊。現在且說天吧, 那不過是一小片一小片光明聚成的; 到了無窮無盡的程度, 日月星辰懸掛在它上面, 萬物都覆蓋在它下面。說到地, 它不過是一小把一小把泥土聚成的; 到了寬廣深厚的程度, 負載着西嶽華山也不感到重, 容納了黃河大海也不會洩漏, 物都負擔在它身。再說山, 它不過是拳頭大拳頭大的石塊聚成的; 到了廣濶巨大的程度, 草木生長在上面, 禽獸居住在上面, 寶藏也能從那裏挖掘出來, 至於水, 它不過是一勺一勺的水聚成的; 到了深不可測的程度, 黿鼉蛟龍魚鼈生 長在那裏, 貨物財富也從那裏產生出來。 詩云 :〔維天之命, 於穆不已。〕 蓋曰天之所以為天也。〔於乎不顯, 文王之德之純。〕蓋曰文王之所以為文也, 純亦不已。
(26) The virtue of extreme honesty never ceases to exist. As it never ceases to exist, it is lasting; as it is lasting, it is efficacious; as it is efficacious, it is to be handed down to distant future; as it is to be handed down to distant future, it is extensive and deep; as it is extensive and deep, it is lofty and bright. It is extensive and deep, so it bears all things under heaven; it is loftly and bright, so it covers all things under heaven; it is permanent, so it brings up all things under heaven. It is so extensive and deep that it matches the earth; so lofty and bright that it matches the heaven; so permanent that it will last for ever. Thus, without making a show, it is clear for all to see; without making a movement, it transforms all things; without making an effort, it succeeds in doing anything.
The way of the universe can be described in a single sentence: as it is constant to taking honesty as the only proper course, its way of bringing up all things is extremely subtle. The way of the universe is extensive, deep, lofty, bright, permanent and everlasting. The heaven is no more than an amassment of pieces of brightness, but, at its infinitude, it holds the sun, the moon and all stars above, and covers all things beneath. The earth is no more than an amassment of handfuls of soil, but, at its vastness, it bears Mount Huashan, the Western Sacred Mountain without strenuosity, contains the Yellow River and the sea without discharging, and carries all things. The mountain is no more than an amassment of pieces of stones, but, at its immensity, plants grow thereon, animals live thereon and precious mineral deposits can be unearthed therein. The sea is no more than an amassment of spoonfuls of water, but, in its recesses, different kinds of turtles, alligators, dragons and fishes live therein and various resources are produced therefrom.
It is said in the Book of Songs: “The way of the Heaven is perfect and endless.” That explains the way how the Heaven is. It is said again: “How glorious the pure character of King Wen is!” That explains the reason why he was conferred the posthumous title of “Wen” which means refined. The impeccability of his character will shine as endlessly as the way of the Heaven.
(27) How great the saint’s way of conducting himself is. It is so mighty that it may make all things flourish, and as sublime as the heaven. The range it covers is so wide that it includes three hundred items of ceremonials and three thousand items of manners. These prevail only after the advent of the saint. The greatest way of conducting oneself can not be formed without the man of highest morality. Therefore, a man of high morality values one’s virtue, and is diligent in learning, so he has both extensive knowledge and profound scholarship; he attains the most sublime and brilliant realm of thought by following he unbiased doctrine of the mean; he gains new insights through reviewing what he had learnt; he is honest and sincere and observant of etiquettes. Hence, he is not imperious when he is in a superior position, and does not deviate from his way when he is in an inferior position; he expresses his political views to obtain appointment to an office when the state is properly run, he remains silent to be tolerable when the rule is dark. That means the same as is said in the Book of Songs: “Be worldly wise and play safe.” 第二十八章 子曰 :〔愚而好自用; 賤而好自專; 生乎今之世,反古之道;如此者,烖及其身者也。〕
(28) Said Confucius: “Calamity is imminent to the one who is ignorant but selfwilled, humble but arbitrary, lives in the present world but insists on restoring the ancient system.”
One who is not the son of Heaven should not lay down rites, nor should he make laws and moral standards, nor should he study and examine the commonly used characters. At presents, people have the same vehicle gauges, use the same characters and pursue the same ethical code. If one has the status of the son of Heaven, but lacks high morality, he dares not to draw up the ritual and musical systems; if one has high morality, but lacks the status of the son of Heaven, he dares not to draw up the ritual of musical systems.
Said Confucius:“I can interpret the rites of the Xia Dynasty, but the rites of its descendant state of Qi were not exemplary; I study the rites of the Yin Dynasty which were maintained by its descendant state of Song; I study the rites of the Zhou Dynasty which are practiced today, and of which I am observant.”
(29) To lay down rites, to make laws and to examine characters are the important contents of ruling over a country. There will be few faults upon the completion of the triplex. Good as the ethical code set by the great kings of past dynasties, it is not verifiable today; people do not believe it, and, consequently, do not observe it. Good as the ethical code set by the saint is, his political status is not very high; people do not believe it, and consequently, do not observe it. Therefore, when the ruler of a country sets an ethical code, he must earnestly practice it first, then verify it through people’s practice, and measure it by the standards of the kings of the Xia Shang and Zhou Dynasties to see that it is faultless, that it will not go against the normality in the universe, that it will not arouse suspicion when asking for advices from the supernatural beings, that it will not be questionable at the advent of another saint after one hundred generations. That it will arouse no suspicion when asking for advices from the supernatural beings shows that the ruler is aware of the will of the Heaven; that it will not be questionable at the advent of another saint after one hundred generations shows that the ruler realizes the human feelings. So the ruler’s activities will be followed as examples by the succeeding generations, his conduct will set up standards for the succeeding generations, and his expressed opinions on public affairs will be regarded as criteria by the succeeding generations. People of the distant future will respect him, and his contemporaries never detest him.
It is said in the Book of Songs:“There, no one abhors him, here, no one cold-shoulders him. He works hard day and night to preserve his repute for long.” A ruler failing to do so is not likely to win early the great renown in the country. 第三十章 仲尼祖述堯舜, 憲章文武;上律天時,下襲水土。辟如天地之無不載, 無不覆幬; 辟如四時之錯行, 如日月之代明。萬物並育而不相害, 道並行而不相悖。小德川流, 大德敦化。此天地之所以為大也。
(30) Confucius followed the examples of Yao and Shun, the ancient sages, and modeled himself on King Wen and King Wu, the saint monarchs; he complied with the change of times, and conformed to the natural conditions and social customs. His virtue is analogous to the universe which bears all things and covers all things; and, is as natural as the change of seasons or the alternating shining of the sun and the moon. All things exist together but never harm each other; all ways function together but never go against each other. Virtues of minor significance are like rivers nourishing things in their valleys; virtues of major significance are basics nourishing all things. That describes the mightiness of the universe. 第三十一章 唯天下至聖, 為能聰明睿知。足以有臨也; 寛裕溫柔, 足以有容也;發強剛毅,足以有執也;齋莊中正,足有敬也;文理密察,足以有別也。
【今譯】
只有天下最聖明的人, 能夠做到聰明智慧, 足可以君臨天下; 能夠做到寛宏大度、溫和柔順, 足可以包容萬物; 能夠做到奮發頑强、剛毅果敢, 足可以決斷大事; 能夠做到敬肅莊重、正直無邪, 足可以贏得尊敬; 能夠做到有文彩有條理、精密詳明, 足可以辨別是非。
(31) Only the saint can be wise and erudite enough to reign over the country; magnanimous and mild enough to embrace all things; tenacious and resolute enough to decide upon major issues; solemn and just enough to win respects from others; and make his writings rich, well-organized and accurate enough to distinguish the right from the wrong. His virtue is extensive and deep, and manifests itself at all times. It is as extensive as the heaven, as deep as the abyss. All the people can not but honor his conduct, all the people can not but believe in what he says and all the people can not but delight at what he does. His good repute spreads far and wide in the country, into the outlying districts. In places where vehicles and boats go and humans travel, in places under the heaven and on the earth, in places with shines of the sun and the moon, and moistened by frost and dew, all the courageous and upright esteem and keep themselves close to him. Therefore he can be matched with the heaven and the earth. 第三十二章 唯天下至誠, 為能經綸天下之大經, 立天下之大本, 知天地之化育。夫焉有所倚? 肫肫其仁, 淵淵其淵,浩浩其天。苟不固聰明聖知達天德者, 其孰能知之?
(32) Only the most honest can uphold the fundamental human relations in the country, exemplify and foster the fundamental virtue in the country, and understand the growth and development of the universe. What does he rely on when doing such? It is merely due to his sincere and earnest benevolence which is as deep as the abyss, as vast as the heaven. Save the one with genuine omniscience and consummate virtue, how could anyone else understand all this? 第三十三章 詩曰 :〔衣錦尚絅, 〕 惡其文之著也。故君子之道, 闇然而日章; 小人之道,的然而日亡。君子之道, 淡而不厭, 簡而文,溫而理;知遠之近,知風之自,知微之顯,可與入德矣。
【今譯】
《詩經》上說:〔身穿錦服又加罩衫〕, 這是因為討厭那錦繡文彩太顯眼。所以, 品德高尚的人, 他的為人之道是力圖隱蔽不露, 但結果却使美德日益昭彰; 品德低下的人, 他的為人之道是竭力求得表面上品德昭著, 但結果却日漸消亡。品德高尚的人, 他的為人之道是 :平淡却不令人厭煩, 簡樸却有文彩, 温和而有條理; 見彼而知此, 見外而知內, 見微而知著, 能做到這一步, 便可以跨人道德之門了。 詩云 :〔潛雖伏矣; 亦孔之昭。〕 故君子內省不疚, 無惡於志。君子之所不可及者, 其唯人之所不見乎!
【今譯】
《詩經》上說:〔魚兒潛水藏得深, 人們還是看得清。〕 所以品德高尚的人, 自我反省而沒有什麼使他感到不安的, 沒有什麼玷污他的志向的。別人趕不上品德高尚者的地方, 大概只是他們在吃人看不見的時候夠謹慎小心吧! 詩云 :〔相在爾室, 尚不愧于屋漏。〕故君子不動而敬, 不言而信。
【今譯】
《詩經》上說:〔看你深居房間中, 也應慎獨無愧心。〕所以品德高尚的人, 他卽使沒有任何舉動, 表現也是恭敬的; 卽使不說話, 內心也是誠實的。 詩曰 :〔奏假無言, 時靡有爭。〕是故君子不賞而民勸, 不怒而民威於鈇鉞。
【今譯】
《詩經》上說:〔默默進獻, 沒有爭執。〕所以, 居統治地位的人, 不用賞賜, 人民也能盡力; 不用發怒, 人民比用刀斧刑罰還感到恐懼。 詩曰 :〔不顯惟德, 百辟其刑之。〕是故君子篤恭而天下平。
【今譯】
《詩經》上說:〔赫赫美德大發揚, 百國諸侯齊效仿。〕居統治地位的人敦厚恭,敬天下就會太平。 詩云 :〔予懷明德, 不大聲以色。〕 子曰:〔聲色之於以化民, 末也。〕 詩曰:〔德輶如毛。〕 毛猶有倫。〔上天之載, 無聲無臭。〕至矣。
(33) It is said in the Book of Songs:“Cover your brocaded robe with an overall.” This shows the disgust at the conspicuous garishness. A man of noble character is under no circumstances given to showing off, but his virtue is seen increasingly clear. A man of vile character strives to make himself well reputed, which only makes himself increasingly flagrant. The way the man of noble character conducts himself is flat, but not boring; plain, but graceful; mild, but orderly; and he sees another point from the point in sight, sees the interior from the exterior, sees the future development from one small clue. When one conducts himself in such a way, he crosses the threshold of high morality.
It is said in the Book of Songs:“Hidden deep in water, fish are still seeable.” When a man of noble character introspects, he has nothing to regret, and finds nothing tarnishing his aspirations. What a man of noble character outweighs others is that he is always circumspect, even when he is out of sight of anyone else.
It is said in the Book of Songs:“When you are alone in your room, still you should do nothing that will bring qualms upon self-examination.” A man of noble character is always respectable, even when he is not doing anything, and always sincere, even when he is not saying anything.
It is said in the Book of Songs:Making efforts quietly causes no trouble.” So, the ruler of a country should make his people do all they can, even if without granting them rewards, and keep them in greater awe than by punishment, even if without showing them his indignation.
It is said in the Book of Songs:“When the monarch displays his virtue, all the feudal dukes and princes will follow his example.” Peace will reign under heaven if the man who rules the country is honest, sincere and deferential.
It is said in the Book of Songs:“With noble character, I need not to be stern in voice and countenance.” Said Confucius:“It is least desirable to cultivate people through stern voice and countenance.” It is said in the Book of Songs:“To cultivate people by one’s virtue is as light as to raise a feather.” Light and minute as the feather is, it has its comparatives; but “the Heaven performs everything soundlessly and tracelessly” ─it accomplishes the supreme good.