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現把論文摘要提供如下:
中國上古科技文明來源- 律為萬事根本 THE ULTIMATE ORIGIN OF SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL CIVILIZATION OF ANCIENT CHINA –
“LU XUE” IS THE ESSENCE OF ALL.
Roman M.K.Fu ,
ABSTRACT:
Astonishingly similar are the roads on the exploration of the ultimate source of science study for both China and the Western world. Thales, the acclaimed father of Greek philosopher (c. 625 – c. 546 BC) advocated all matters come from water and return to water. The focus of Thales’ study on matters has signified the birth of scientific thinking. The mythical understanding of the cosmos by Ancient Greek can easily correlate to the thinking of Lao Zi (老子) of China on water. And Daoist emphasized the cosmic concept of “Tai Yi Sheng Shui” (太一生水) ! The viewpoint is similar to what was emphasized on the part of “water” and “earth” of the <<Guan Ji - Shui Di Pian (管子. 水地篇)>>.
Until Pythagoras (c. 582 – c.500 BC) who has started from the perspective of arithmetics to determine that number is the ultimate source of all fraction, order, and harmony. He was inspired by the string length ratio on string instrument which sound is harmonious and pleasant when the length ratio are simple whole number. He therefore defined the world renowned “Pythagoras rule of sound” when he found the sound travel are 8, 5 and 4 degrees when the string length ratio on the fixed length string are 2:1, 3:2 and 4:3 respectively. And he strongly believed (All is whole number and harmony). By going through the harmony of cosmic music and the truth of perpetual cosmos, the exploration of the boundless cosmos by utilization of music has been continuing from Pythagoras to Aristotle, Newton, and String theorist of today although it might face to paradoxical controversy.
For this point, it does coincide with the way of Ancient Chinese on using musical theory to explore the “yuan qi or vital breath” (元氣) of the cosmos. It has been found the “Wu Yin Lu Lu” (五音六律) is almost directly related with the observatory calendar study, politics, geography etc as we learn the Qin dynasty literal record like: <<,Guan Zi>>, <<Li Ji>>, <<Lu Shi Chun Qiu>>, <<Zhou Li>> etc of the same period. From which we can see that the “Yin Lu Xue” has already been widely applied to different spheres instead of at its preliminary research stage. The “Yin Lu Xue (音律學)” has faintly embraced a gigantic and sophisticated science system with far reaching and in-depth influence which is beyond the understanding of people living in the modern world.
“Lu Xue” is a very unique subject of study. It is a scientific theory invented in the ancient China. According to <<Shi Ji Lu Shu (史記. 律書) >> of Shi Ma Qian (司馬遷), “The ruler legislates the law, setting standard of measurement, all inclusive in “Lu Lu (律呂)” and “Lu Lu” is the root for all”. Despite the fact that it is not easy to understand from his statement of Lu Xue is the root of all matter, it is not overtly exaggerated to use the source of ancient civilization for the nomenclature of this topic if we could appreciate the detail of “Lu Shu”. I have found except the “LU THEORY” it has rarely delved into the detail of questions like melody of musical study and calibration of musical instrument such as string instrument. On the contrary, it has concentrated more on the explanation of “Gan Zi”(干支), observatory study, calendar calculation, unit of measurement etc. It is not hard to find out the “Yin Yang Wu Xing” (陰陽五行) has exerted the backbone effect. Perhaps we can find out the reason why “Lu Xue (律學) ” is the root of everything from the viewpoint of the relationship between Lu Xue and Yin Yang Wu Xing. As according to those numerous studies at Qin dynasty, the concept of “Yin Yang Wu Xing” was mostly identified as the root on constructing all things which is also the motive of my writing of this dissertation. Especially the statement “Lu Yi Kuai Du” (律以揆度) Measurement by means of musical theory), this dissertation will focus on investigating our ancestral intellectuals in the period of Qin, Han dynasties and before on how to use “Lu Xue” to measure the sky, the relationship between “Lu Xue” and “Yin Yang Wu Xing” and the explanation on those relevant inventions. Content as below:
1. BRIEF INTRODUCTION OF LU- CALENDAR(律曆學概論)
2. YIN YANG AND FIVE ELEMENTS (陰陽五行)
3. THE SCIENTIFC CONNOTATION OF I-CHING – SOLAR AND LUNAR MOTION (易經科學內涵 – 天地日月運動)
4. THE CONNOTATION OF RIVER MAP (河圖的內涵)
5. MAGIC SQUARE AND NINE HEAVENS , EIGHT WINDS 洛書與九宮八風
6. CONCLUSION
在探索科學源頭的道路上, 中國和西方許多驚人的相似, 例如被譽為希臘哲學的始祖泰勒斯(Thales)(c. 625 -c. 546 BC),認為一切萬物皆源自水,最後也歸於水。,由於泰勒斯專注在物質的根本, 標誌著科學思想的誕生。在希臘古代,人們對於宇宙的理解總是神話式的, 這觀點很容易使人想到了中國的老子對水的看法, 和 道家所重視「太一生水」宇宙觀念! 這種看法即為<<管子. 水地篇>>所重點提出 「水」和 「地」的一部分。到了畢達哥拉斯 (Pythagoras)(c. 582 -c. 500 BC)他從這算術觀點出發,他們認定數字是所有分數、秩序和宇宙和諧的本源。他又從弦琴的弦長比例得到靈感,發現弦長成簡單整數比的時候發出的音會是和諧悅耳的,他發現在固定張力的弦長比例是2:1、3:2、4:3的時候,其音程分別是八度、五度、四度,由此他定義出舉世聞名的「畢氏音律」,因此他堅信「萬物皆整數與和諧(All is whole number and harmony.)」。並通過「宇宙的音樂」(cosmic music)的和諧性,宇宙的永恒真理, 由畢達哥拉斯, 到 亞里士多德 (Aristotle), 牛頓(Newton) 到今天的弦理論學者, 這種利用音樂去探索無限宇宙的方式: 「弦」理論到 “超弦理論” 科學家的於這方面努力仍然一直在延續著, 縱然面對可能成為悖論, 卻從來沒有停頓過!
這點和中國古代先賢利用音樂原理探索宇宙元氣的方式完全一致, 在同時期的先秦文獻中, 例如 <<管子>>, <<禮記>>, <<呂氏春秋>>, <<周禮>>等等, 都發現 「五音六律」幾乎都和天文曆法, 政治, 地理… 等等各方面有著直接的聯繫。 可見音律學在當時並非在研究初步階段, 而是已經被應用於各個領域上, 隱隱覺得音律學夾雜著一個龐大而成熟的科學系統之中, 其影響既深且遠, 遠遠非現代人所以理解 。
參考書:
THE MUSIC OF THE SPHERE JAMIE JAMES SPRINGER-VERLAG NEW YORK,INCE. J. Borowski及J. M. Borwein著,《數學辭典》,貓頭鷹出版社,台灣,1999 律學是一門非常獨特的學科, 它是我國於上古時發明和茁壯的一套科學理論, 按照司馬遷<<史記律書>>所講, 「王者制事立法,物度軌則,壹稟於六律,六律為萬事根本焉」他認為律學是萬事萬物的根本。 光從這一句話看常常使人感到莫名其妙, 加上本文標題以 “上古文明來源” 來命名似乎非常誇張, 但只要細看<<律書>>內容, 我發現他除了音律生律外, 甚少談及音樂學中的曲調, 和樂器如管弦校正等的細節問題; 反而把主要的篇幅去闡明干支,天文, 曆法, 度量衡制度等等..而整套理論中不難發現陰陽五行起着主幹的作用。如從律學與陰陽五行的關係上看, 或者我們可以明白律學何以是萬事萬物的根本 , 因為從大量先秦諸家著作中, 陰陽五行思想幾乎都被認為是能構築天地萬物的根本, 這點可以作為引申本文的寫作動機, 特別是那一句話 “ 律以揆度” 本文將集中於探討秦漢或以前, 先賢是如何用律學測量天度, 以及律學和陰陽五行有何關係, 和相關的種種發明進行初步闡述, 玆將目錄提供如下:
1. 律曆學概論
2. 陰陽五行
3. 易經科學內涵 – 天地日月運動
4. 河圖的內涵
5. 九宮八風
6. 結論
或許通過本文中許多種種發現, 希望讀者們可以重新認識先秦律曆學, 更客觀地認識陰陽五行體系的科學性, 從而獲得一些靈感。 特別是建基於陰陽五行的中醫學, 長久以來由於理論源頭不明下, 以至發展困難重重, 所以對源頭的了解比任何學科更迫切!
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